Estimating and analyzing the spatiotemporal characteristics of crop yield loss in response to drought in the koshi river basin, Nepal

The quantitative assessment of crop yield loss due to drought is critical for the development agricultural sector improve productivity. This study aimed estimate and analyze spatiotemporal patterns in response using Lagrange interpolation method, wavelet analysis, sequential Mann–Kendall test Nepal's Koshi River Basin, covering mountain, hill, Terai (low-land) regions from 1987 2016. findings indicate that average was common after 2000, with Terai, mountain experiencing greatest maize, rice, wheat crops, respectively. annual rice losses rate were highest mountains, while maize Terai. region experienced an abrupt change loss, showing a significant increasing trend. hill showed increase decrement observed. periodic variations between 2016 revealed 2000. characteristics first second key periods demonstrated variation period, predicting would either enter high or low period shortly provide detailed at river basin level, highlighting urgent need develop mitigation plan sector.